In re Harrods Ltd.: The Brussels Convention and the Proper Application of Forum Non Conveniens to Non-Contracting States

Although the doctrine of forum non conveniens is unknown in Continental legal systems, Community law does not prevent English courts from preserving their discretion to stay proceedings, in conflicts involving a defendant domiciliary, in favor of more appropriate courts in a non-Contracting State. Where the provisions of the Brussels Convention do not address a legal question, the answer must be sought in the objectives and scheme of the Convention. The English Court of Appeals in Harrods properly understood that Community law does not require ritualistic reliance on the Convention\u27s jurisdiction conferring provisions in cases involving a defendant domiciled in a Contracting State and the jurisdiction of a court in a non-Contracting State

Numerical Simulations of Flow and Mass Transport in Micro-Fluidic Components for Modular Bio-Analytic Chip Applications

Microfluidics has received a great deal of attention in the past decade. The ability of modular microfluidic chips to miniaturize integrate chemical and biological systems (µTAS) can be greatly productive in terms of cost and efficiency. During the design of these modular devices, misalignment of materials, geometrical or both is one of the most common problems. These misalignments can have adverse effect in both pressure driven and electrokinetically driven flows. In the present work, Numerical Simulations have been performed to study the effect of material and geometrical mismatch on the flow behavior and species progression in microfluidic interconnects. In the case of electrokinetic flows, simulations were performed for 13%, 50%, 58% and 75% reduction in the available flow area at the mismatch plane. Correlations were developed to predict the flow rate reduction due to the geometrical mismatch in electrokinetic flows. A 13% flow area reduction was found to be insignificant and did not cause an appreciable sample loss. As the amount of geometrical mismatch increases (i.e. area reduction is more than 40%), it can have a significant effect on the sample resolution and on the flow behavior. In the case of pressure driven flows, Numerical Simulations have been performed for three types of interconnection methods: End-to-End, Channel Overlap, and Tube-in- Reservoir interconnection. The effects of geometrical misalignments in these three interconnection methods have been investigated and the results were interpreted in terms of the pressure drop and equivalent length. The amount of misalignment was varied by changing the available flow area ratios. All the configurations were simulated for practically relevant Reynolds numbers ranging from 0.075 to 75. Correlations were developed to predict the pressure drop for any given misalignment area ratio. It was found that for the misalignment area ratio of 2:1 or more, the increase in pressure drop can be drastic. Numerical simulations of Injection and separation were also performed to study the effect of curvatures on the elongation of generated plugs. These end curvatures are commonly encountered during high precision micromilling process as a method to fabricate polymer microfluidic devices. The effect of pinching and pullback voltages on the generation of the sample plugs was investigated and optimum conditions to minimize plug dispersion were found

Information Systems Design of Tourist Attraction in Bandar Lampung City

Tourism is one of the selling point that Bandar Lampung City has. The information about the location of tourist attraction and the supporting facility was given in booklet and tourism map. The information distribution through those media haven't use the technology that appropriate to the current development.Some research methods were used in this research such as, data collection methods and system design methods. The data collection methods were done in several ways such as interview with the respondents, literature study and observation. The system design methods use UML (Unified Modelling Language).The output from this research is a design of geographic information system that interactive with the user and able to attract the tourist attention to visit Bandar Lampung City and the tourist attraction. With this design hopefully can bring more information about a tourist attraction in Bandar Lampung City and gain more tourist to visit Bandar Lampung City. KEY WORDSGeographic Information System, Design, Touris

Mining Frequent Item Sets from incremental database: A single pass approach

Apriori based Association Rule Mining (ARM) is one of the data mining techniques used to extract hidden knowledge from datasets that can be used by an organization2019;s decision makers to improve overall profit. Performing Existing association mining algorithms requires repeated passes over the entire database. Obviously, for large database, the role of input/output overhead in scanning the database is very significant. We propose a new algorithm, which would mine frequent item sets with vertical format. The new algorithm would need to scan database one time. And in the follow-up data mining process, it can get new frequent item sets through 'and operation' between item sets. The new algorithm needs less storage space, and can improve the efficiency of data mining

Kerjasama United Nations World Tourism Organization (Unwto) dengan Indonesia dalam Pengembangan Sektor Pariwisata di Pangandaran, Jawa Barat Tahun 2011-2013

This reserach describes the collaboration between UNWTO (United Nations World Tourism Organization) and Indonesia within developing tourism sector in Pangandaran 2011-2013. Tourism sector is an important component of the Indonesia economy, and Pangandaran is one of the popular tourism destinations in West Java that contribute in Indonesia economy. However, due to the tsunami disaster in 2006 severely effect within tourism in Pangandaran. The purpose of this research is to explain the STREAM (Sustainable Tourism through Energy Efficiency with Adaptation and Mitigation Measures) project as a form of collaboration between UNWTO and Indonesia in developing the tourism sector in Pangandaran to revitalizing the tourism area.This research uses qualitative methods with techniques of writing a literature review through the secondary data which are already available in the literature, books, journals and website searches. This research also uses pluralism perspective, international organization theory and collaboration theory to explain collaborating between UNWTO and Indonesia.The result of this research indicates that the STREAM project has made Pangandaran as tourism areas that are resistant to the climate change and able to increase tourist arrivals, both local and foreign. This research also shows the successful of the STREAM project. One of the success factors of this project is the involvement of the local community and surrounding communities during the project was implemented. The STREAM project in Pangandaran is being implemented by UNWTO together with the Indonesia Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy. The project is also part of the International Climate Initiative (ICI) of the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety.Keywords: UNWTO, Tourism, STREAM Project, Climate Chang

Strategi Pertahanan Wilayah Pulau Terluar Indonesia terhadap Malaysia (Kasus Pulau Jemur di Provinsi Riau)

Indonesia is an archipelago with the most numerous islands with their resources,including the ones owned in its outmost island. The Jemur Island are outmost island Indonesia.Island The outmost islands are rich in various resources but have not been managed yet. Thoseislands are also the first guard which acts as safeguard for the unity of Indonesia. Unfortunately,the government has not paid a comprehensive concern to those islands. It will endanger theentirety of Indonesia and caused great lost economically. Jemur Island is actually consists ofseveral clusters of island like: Tekong Emas island, Tekong Simbang island, Labuhan Bilikisland and some other small island. There is a probability that this island be a tourist window forof Riau in the future.This research focuses on Indonesia defenses strategy region outmost island to Malaysiain case Jemur Island the Province of Riau. Its strategic geographical location, in the middle ofIndonesia and Malaysia also gives this island an additional value to be developed in to a tourismresort. This research shows how Indonesia defense strategy region outmost island to Malaysia incase The Jemur Island with can strategy safety belt and potential border territory. And than theresearch also to explain potential Jemur Island to Indonesia, potential Jemur Island of Indonesiato Malaysia and analyzing conflict Jemur Island between Indonesia and Malaysia. Therefore, bythe way of good protection and management of the outmost islands, the unity of Indonesia will bedefended and the welfare of Indonesian will be enhanced. Data of this research collected frombooks, journals, working paper, government publications, newspaper, and searching frominternet.Keyword: Jemur Island, Border territory,The outmost Island, and Safety belt

Perencanaan Produksi Agregat Produk Flooring pada Perum Perhutani Industri Kayu Brumbung

The purpose of the production planning is composing to meet the needs of the total products or demand at right time by using resources available. Production planning in a company is the basis for achieve success. Perum Perhutani Industri Kayu Brumbung is company processing of forest wood and other business activities in the country and overseas. In production planning, the company not apply planning system production of good so optimzation the process production is not sufficient. The purpose of this research is provide suggestions forecasting demand flooring product for the 33 the period forward, composing agregrat palnning and was planning to production the period October 2014 until September 2015, and calculute Rough Cut Capacity Planning (RCCP). Forecasting accomplished by some method of describing pattern data constant and a method of forecasting best part is 3-CMA. Transportation-land method used to calculate agregrat planning, where demand the result of forecasting could be met by using reguler time an overtime. Furthermore, the calculation on RCCP, all the needs could be met with the capacity that and calculation demand it can be said valid

Total Factor Productivity Change of Ethiopian Microfinance Institutions (MFIs): A Malmquist Productivity Index Approach (MPI)

By employing the Malmquist productivity index this study attempts to examine the total factor productivity change in the Ethiopian micro finance institutions (MFIs) using a balanced panel dataset of 114 observations from 19 micro finance institutions over the period 2004-2009. The selection of inputs and outputs for the study is based on the dual objectives of MFIs viz outreach and sustainability framework which is in line with the prior study of (Gutierrez et al 2007, 2009). Consequently, we specify two inputs and three outputs; the number of employees, and operating expenses are specified as inputs whereas the outputs are interests and fee income, gross loan portfolio, and number of loans outstanding (number). The result of the study indicated that over the period the malmquist productivity change experienced by the micro finance industry as a whole has averaged 3.8 % annually. With the exception of the year 2004-2005 (slight decline in productivity, which was 0.2 percent) the micro finance industry has reported productivity progress in the study period(i.e productivity rose of 5.5 percent, 5.8 percent,0.3 percent and 7.7 percent in the years 2005-2006, 2006-2007, 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 respectively. It is apparent from the analysis that the main source of total factor productivity (TFP) growth for the MFIs was attributed to the technical efficiency change(10.1 percent increase) as the result depicted that 16 out of 19 MFIs ( about 84 %) has shown improvement in technical efficiency changes. In contrast, only 5 out of 19 (26.3%) MFIs have shown improvement in technological change but still the industry as a whole has exhibited a decline in technological change (5.8 percent decrease over the period) and suggested that there has been a deterioration in the performance of the best practicing micro finance institutions. Further the result showed that pure technical efficiency increased by 8.9 percent while scale efficiency contributed on average 1.1 percent increase and hence suggested that during the study period the Ethiopian MFIs have experienced mainly an increment of pure technical efficiency( improvement in management practices) rather than an improvement in optimum size(scale efficiency change). Generally, an important implication for the Ethiopian micro finance industry is that they need to pursue a technological progress in order to meet the dual objectives of reaching many poor people and financial sustainability.Key words: Productivity Change, Malmquist Productivity Index, Ethiopian MFIs

Introduction

Everything that we see on this earth is an imitation, be it a human being, animal, or plant; each of them is a memory of something/someone who already existed. Memory studies is a multidisciplinary field of knowledge that engages in understanding the ability to use memory as a tool in remembering/forgetting the past. Memory studies as a branch of knowledge began its presence by forging concepts of cultural memory to demand special focus from scholars of anthropology, education, literature, history, philosophy, psychology, and sociology, among others. Discussing the way memory studies began growing, Roediger and Wertsch  write that, “Over the past few decades, collective memory has become a topic of renewed interest in the humanities and social sciences and is now a key part of emerging interdisciplinary activity in ‘‘memory studies’’ (Roediger & Wertsch, 2008). French sociologist Maurice Halbwachs (1925, 1941) contributed immensely to this field of knowledge and his significant work “Social Frameworks of Memory” in 1925 holds great importance. For a long time until Maurice Halbwachs published his notable work "On Collective Memory" (1925), in which he analysed that ownership of memory need not be an individual but the individuals as a collective unit, be it family, society or community and the memory is operated thus by a community. He distinguished between autobiographical memory – memory of those events we ourselves experience; historical memory – memory that reaches us only through historical records; history – as the remembered past which is no longer important to our lives; and collective memory – the active past that forms our identities. Also, Halbwachs characterised shared memories as effective markers of social differentiation.  “Collective memory is not history, though it is sometimes made from similar material. It is a collective phenomenon but only manifests itself in the actions and statements of individuals […] it often privileges the interests of the contemporary” (Kansteiner 2002)). Cultural memory conserves the heritage that involves an act of remembering